Lavender ( Class 10 English Group Work ) (Group 6 ) free essay sample

This article is about the genus of flowering plants. For other uses, see Lavender (disambiguation). Lavender Lavender flowers Scientific classification Kingdom:Plantae (unranked):Angiosperms (unranked):Eudicots (unranked):Asterids Order:Lamiales Family:Lamiaceae Subfamily:Nepetoideae Tribe:Lavanduleae Genus:Lavandula L. Type species Lavandula spica L. Species 39 species, including some hybrids, see text. The lavenders (Lavandula) are a genus of 39 species of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. An Old World genus, distributed from Macaronesia (Cape Verde and Canary Islands and Madeira) across Africa, the Mediterranean, South-West Asia, Arabia, Western Iran and South-East India. It is thought the genus originated in Asia but is most diversified in its western distribution. The genus includes annuals, herbaceous plants, subshrubs, and small shrubs. The native range extends across the Canary Islands, North and East Africa, Southern Europe and the Mediterranean, Arabia and India. Because the cultivated forms are planted in gardens worldwide, they are occasionally found growing wild as garden escapees, well beyond their natural range. We will write a custom essay sample on Lavender ( Class 10 English Group Work ) (Group 6 ) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, since lavender cross-pollinates easily, there are countless variations within the species. The color of the flowers of some forms has come to be called lavender. Contents [hide] 1 Botany 1. 1 Nomenclature and taxonomy 1. 1. 1 History 1. 1. 2 Current classification 2 Growing lavenders 3 Uses 3. 1 Culinary use 3. 2 Medicinal use 3. 3 Health precautions 3. 3. 1 Controversy over possible endocrine-disrupting activity 3. 4 Other uses 4 History 5 Taxonomic table 6 Gallery 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links [edit]Botany The leaves are long and narrow in most species. In other species they are pinnately toothed, or pinnate, sometimes multiple pinnate and dissected. Flowers are borne in whorls, held on spikes rising above the foliage. Flowers may be blue, violet or lilac. The calyx is tubular, with five lobes. The corolla is often asymmetric. [1] [edit]Nomenclature and taxonomy [edit]History Historically L. stoechas, L. pedunculata and L. dentata were described in Roman times (Lis-Balchin 2002). From the Middle Ages onwards, the European species were considered two separate groups or genera, Stoechas (LL. toechas, pedunculata, dentata) and Lavandula (LL. spica, latifolia), until Linnaeus combined them, believing the name lavandula derived from the Latin lavare to wash, referring to the use of infusions of the plants. He only recognised 5 species in the Species Plantarum (1753), L. multifida and L. dentata (Spain) and L. stoechas and L. spica from Southern Europe. L. pedunculata was included within L. stoechas. By 1790 L. pinnata and L. carnosa were recognised. The latter was subsequently transferred to Anisochilus. By 1826 de Lassaras described 12 species in three sections, and y 1848 eighteen species were known. One of the first modern major classifications was that of Dorothy Chaytor in 1937 at Kew. The six sections she proposed for 28 species still left many intermediates that could not easily be assigned. Her sections included Stoechas, Spica, Subnudae, Pterostoechas, Chaetostachys and Dentatae. However all the major cultivated and commercial forms resided in the Stoechas and Spica sections. There were four species within Stoechas (Lavandula stoechas, L. dentata, L. viridis and L. pedunculata) while Spica had three (L. officinalis (now L. ngustifolia), L. latifolia and L. lanata). She believed that the garden varieties were hybrids between true lavender L. angustifolia and spike lavender (L. latifolia). [2] [edit]Current classification Currently Lavandula is considered to have 3 subgenera (Upson and Andrews 2004), Lavandu la, Fabricia and Sabaudia. In addition there are numerous hybrids and cultivars in commercial and horticultural usage. A number of other species within Lamiaceae are closely related (outgroups) including Ocimum gratissimum, Hyptis pectinata, Plectranthus barbatus and Tetradenia fruticosa. 3] The first major clade corresponds to subgenus Lavendula, and the second Fabricia. The Sabaudia group is less clearly defined. Within the lavendula clade, the subclades correspond to the existing sections, but place Dentatae separately from Stoechas, not within it. Within the Fabricia clade, the subclades correspond to Pterostoechas, Subnudae, and Chaetostachys. Thus the current classification includes 39 species distributed across 8 sections (the original 6 of Chaytor and the two new sections of Upson and Andrews), in three subgenera (see Table below). [edit]Growing lavenders Lavenders flourish best in dry, well-drained, sandy or gravelly soils in full sun. [4] All types need little or no fertilizer and good air circulation; in areas of high humidity, root rot due to fungus infection can be a problem. Avoid organic mulches; use pea gravel, decomposed granite, or sand instead, as organics can trap moisture around the plants bases, encouraging root rot. [5] Currently Lavandula is considered to have 3 subgenera (Upson and Andrews 2004), Lavandula, Fabricia and Sabaudia. In addition there are numerous hybrids and cultivars in commercial and horticultural usage. A umber of other species within Lamiaceae are closely related (outgroups) including Ocimum gratissimum, Hyptis pectinata, Plectranthus barbatus and Tetradenia fruticosa. [3] [edit]Uses The most common true species in cultivation is the common or English lavender Lavandula angustifolia (formerly L. officinalis). A wide range of cultivars can be found. Other commonly grown ornamental species are L. stoec has, (Spanish lavender) L. dentata (French lavender), and L. multifida (Egyptian lavender). Some species such as Lavandula stoechas are not winter hardy in temperate climates USDA Zones 8-10). 6] The lavandins Lavandula ? intermedia are a class of hybrids of L. angustifolia and L. latifolia. [7] The lavandins are widely cultivated for commercial use, since their flowers tend to be bigger than those of English lavender and the plants tend to be easier to harvest, but lavandin oil is regarded by some to be of a lower quality than that of English lavender, with a perfume less sweet. [8] [edit]Culinary use A bee on a lavender flower Flowers yield abundant nectar from which bees make a high-quality honey. Monofloral honey is produced primarily around the Mediterranean, and is marketed worldwide as a premium product. Flowers can be candied and are sometimes used as cake decorations. Lavender flavors baked goods and desserts (it pairs especially well with chocolate), and is also used to make lavender sugar. [9] Lavender flowers are occasionally blended with black, green, or herbal tea, adding a fresh, relaxing scent and flavour. Though it has many other traditional uses in southern France, lavender is not used in traditional southern French cooking. 10] In the 1970s, a herb blend called herbes de Provence usually including lavender was invented by spice wholesalers,[11] and lavender has more recently become popular in cookery. Lavender lends a floral and slightly sweet flavor to most dishes, and is sometimes paired with sheeps-milk and goats-milk cheeses. For most cooking applications the dried buds (also referred to as flowers) are used, though some chefs experiment with the leaves as well. Only the buds contain the essential oil of lavender, from which the scent and flavour of lavender are best derived. In the United States, both avender syrup and dried lavender buds are used to make lavender scones and marshmallows. [edit]Medicinal use Lavender is used extensively with herbs and aromatherapy. English lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) yields an essential oil with sweet overtones, and can be used in balms, salves, perfumes, cosmetics, and topical applications. Lavandin, Lavandula ? intermedia (also known as Dutch lavender), yields a similar essential oil, but with higher levels of terpenes including camphor, which add a sharper overtone to the fragrance. Mexican lavender, Lavandula stoechas is not used medicinally, but mainly for landscaping. Essential oil of lavender has antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. It was used in hospitals during World War I to disinfect floors and walls. These extracts are also used as fragrances for bath products. According to folk wisdom, lavender has many uses. Infusions of lavender soothe and heal insect bites and burns. Bunches of lavender repel insects. If applied to the temples, lavender oil soothes headaches. In pillows, lavender seeds and flowers aid sleep and relaxation. An infusion of three flowerheads added to a cup of boiling water soothes and relaxes at bedtime. Lavender oil (or extract of Lavender) heals acne when used diluted 1:10 with water, rosewater, or witch hazel; it also treats skin burns and inflammatory conditions. [citation needed] A recent clinical study investigated anxiolytic effects and influence on sleep quality. Lavender oil with a high percentage of linalool and linalyl acetate, in form of capsules, was generally well tolerated. It showed meaningful efficacy in alleviating anxiety and related sleep disturbances. [12] [edit]Health precautions These remedies should be used with caution since lavender oil can also be a powerful allergen. Avoid ingesting lavender during pregnancy and breastfeeding. [13] In vitro, lavender oil is cytotoxic. It increases photosensitivity as well. Lavender oil is cytotoxic to human skin cells in vitro (endothelial cells and fibroblasts) at a concentration of 0. 25%. Linalool, a component of lavender oil, may be its active component. [14] Aqueous extracts reduced mitotic index, but induced chromosomal aberrations and mitotic aberrations in comparison with control, significantly. Aqueous extracts induced breaks, stickiness, pole deviations and micronuclei. These ffects were related to extract concentrations. [15] However, according to a 2005 study although it was recently reported that lavender oil, and its major constituent linalyl acetate, are toxic to human skin cells in vitro, contact dermatitis to lavender oil appears to occur at only a very low frequency. The relevance of this in vitro toxicity to dermatological application of Lavandula oils remains unclear. [16] In terms of phototox icity, a 2007 investigative report from European researchers stated that, Lavender oil and sandalwood oil did not induce photohaemolysis in our test system. However, a few reports on photosensitivity reactions due to these substances have been published, e. g. one patient with persistent light reaction and a positive photo-patch test to sandalwood oil. [17] [edit]Controversy over possible endocrine-disrupting activity In 2007, a study was published in the New England Journal of Medicine which indicated that studies in human cell lines indicated that both lavender oil and tea tree oil had estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities. They concluded that repeated topical exposure to lavender and tea tree oils probably caused prepubertal gynaecomastia in some boys. 18] The study has been criticised on many different levels by many authorities. The Aromatherapy Trade Council of the UK has issued a rebuttal. [19] The Australian Tea Tree Association, a group that promotes the interests of Australian tea tree oil producers, exporters and manufacturers issued a letter that questioned the study and called on the New England Journal of Medicine for a retraction (ATTIA). [20] The New England Journal of Medicine has so far not replied and has not retracted the study. [edit]Other uses Flower spikes are used for dried flower arrangements. The fragrant, pale purple flowers and flower buds are used in potpourris. Lavender is also used extensively as herbal filler inside sachets used to freshen linens. Dried and sealed in pouches, lavender flowers are placed among stored items of clothing to give a fresh fragrance and to deter moths. Dried lavender flowers have become recently popular for wedding confetti. Lavender is also popular in scented waters and sachets. [edit]History The ancient Greeks called the lavender herb nardus, after the Syrian city of Naarda. It was also commonly called nard. 21] Lavender was one of the holy herbs used in the biblical Temple to prepare the holy essence, and nard is mentioned in the Song of Solomon (4,14) nard and saffron,[22] calamus and cinnamon, with every kind of incense tree, with myrrh and aloes, and all the finest spices. [23] During Roman times, flowers were sold for 100 denarii per pound, which was about the same as a months wages for a farm laborer, or fifty haircuts from the loc al barber. Lavender was commonly used in Roman baths to scent the water, and it was thought to restore the skin. citation needed] Its late Latin name was lavandarius, from lavanda (things to be washed), from the verb lavare (to wash). [24] When the Roman Empire conquered southern Britain, the Romans introduced lavender. [citation needed] The Greeks discovered early on that lavender if crushed and treated correctly would release a relaxing fume when burned. [edit]Taxonomic table I. Subgenus Lavandula Upson S. Andrews subgen. nov. i. Section Lavandula (3 species) Lavandula angustifolia Mill. – Common or true lavender, English lavender subsppp. angustifolia, pyrenaica Lavandula latifolia Medik – Portuguese or Spike lavender Lavandula lanata Boiss. Hybrids Lavandula ? chaytorae Upson S. Andrews nothosp. nov. (L. angustifolia subsp. angustifolia x L. lanata ) Lavandula ? intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. (L. angustifolia subsp. angustifolia X L. latifolia ) – Dutch lavender ii. Section Dentatae Suarez-Cerv. Seoane-Camba (1 species) Lavandula dentata L. – French lavender var. dentata (rosea, albiflora), candicans (persicina) [Batt. ] iii. Section Stoechas Ging. (3 species) Lavandula stoechas L. – Spanish lavender Lavandula pedunculata Mill. (Cav. ) Lavandula viridis LHer. Intersectional hybrids (Dentatae and Lavendula) Lavandula ? heterophylla Viv. (L. dentata x L. latifolia ) Lavandula ? allardii Lavandula ? ginginsii Upson S. Andrews nothosp. nov. (L. dentata X L. lanata ) II. Subgenus Fabricia (Adams. ) Upson S. Andrews, comb. nov. iv. Section Pterostoechas Ging. (16 species) Lavandula multifida L. – Fernleaf lavender, Egyptian lavender Lavandula canariensis Mill. Lavandula minutolii Bolle Lavandula bramwellii Upson S. Andrews Lavandula pinnata L. – Fernleaf lavender Lavandula buchii Webb Berthel. Lavandula rotundifolia Benth. Lavandula maroccana Murb. Lavandula tenuisecta Coss. ex Ball Lavandula rejdalii Upson Jury Lavandula mairei Humbert Lavandula coronopifoliaPoir. Lavandula saharica Upson Jury Lavandula antineae Maire Lavandula pubescens Decne. Lavandula citriodora A. G. Mill. Hybrids Lavandula X christiana Gattef. Maire (L. pinnata x L. canariensis) v. Section Subnudae Chaytor (10 species) Lavandula subnuda Benth. Lavandula macra Baker Lavandula dhofarensis A. G. Mill. Lavandula samhanensis Upson S. Andrews sp. nov. Lavandula setifera T. Anderson Lavandula qishnensis Upson S. Andrews sp. nov. Lavandula nimmoi Benth. Lavandula galgalloensis A. G. Mill. Lavandula aristibracteata A. G. Mill. Lavandula somaliensis Chaytor vi. Section Chaetostachys Benth. (2 species) Lavandula bipinnata (Roth) Kuntze Lavandula gibsonii J. Graham vii. Section Hasikenses Upson S. Andrews, sect. nov. (2 species) Lavandula hasikensis A. G. Mill. Lavandula sublepidota Rech. f. III. Subgenus Sabaudia (Buscal. Muschl. ) Upson S. Andrews, comb. et stat. nov. viii. Section Sabaudia (Buscal. Muschl. ) Upson S. Andrews, comb. et stat. nov. (2 species) Lavandula atriplicifolia Benth. Lavandula erythraeae (Chiov. ) Cufod. [edit]

Home Video Rental Industry

Home Video Rental Industry Home video rental industry is a technology intensive industry. Technology provides several growth opportunities and challenges. It provides an opportunity for companies in the industry to stream movies to their customers. However, it also increases competition from other sources of movies. This necessitates companies in the industry to develop efficient development strategies to cater for the current and future needs of the customers.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Home Video Rental Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, efficient strategies would help in strategic positioning of the company to enable it to cope with the changes in the market. Failure to develop efficient strategies would lead to the ultimate collapse of a company. Netflix and Blockbuster are some of the major players in the home video rental industry. Both Netflix and Blockbuster rely heavily on online streaming of movies on de mand for a sizeable percentage of their revenues. Amazon and iTunes, other major players in the industry, also enable customers to download movies online for a certain fee. Downloading movies online is the trend that is likely to continue in the future. This necessitates companies to look for efficient platforms to distribute their movies. Gone are the days when companies relied heavily on physical distribution of their movies via mail or certain drop-off points. Companies desire to be market leaders in the industry should strive to make watching movies at home faster and easier (Greenwald para 3). Grown in online consumption of products necessitates companies in the industry to shift their focus to online sales. Analysts predict that online sales of movies will surpass sales of DVDs in the near future (Frankel para 3). This would greatly benefit companies that are market leaders in online sales of movies. These include Amazon and iTunes. The major benefit of online sales is the low cost of management. This is because companies do not need a physical presence to operate in the areas. Customers only need an internet connection to access the movies regardless of their geographic location. For companies in the home video rental industry to acquire a competitive edge, they should have a wide collection of movies. Having a wider collection of movies would enable companies to compete effectively with other sources of movies, which include cable TV. Having a wider collection of movies would also increase customer loyalty to a company as they are guaranteed of getting the movies they desire. In addition, diversification of services would enable companies in the industry remain profitable. One of the major areas of diversification for companies in the industry is provision of games.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Netflix is one of the companies that has the best chance of survival in the industry, which is changing rapidly. In 2011, Netflix created Qwikster in an attempt to split its subscription model. The Qwikster brand would deal will solely online subscription of movies while the Netflix brand would continue offering DVD services. The company opted to implement this strategy as it realized the importance of online sales of movies for its future growth. Netflix introduced the Quikster brand in an attempt to phase out its DVD sales business. However, this strategy failed. Netflix continues to offer both DVD services and online subscriptions of movies. Online subscriptions now account for a sizeable percentage of the company’s revenues (Stelter para 5). The failure of Quikster led to a significant fall in Netflix’s share value and profitability. However, the company is slowly repairing its reputation. Frankel, Daniel. â€Å"Forecast: Online demand for movies, TV shows will top DVD sales this year.† P aidContent. 2012. Web. Greenwald, Will. â€Å"Change or die: Netflix and the future of home video.† PCMag. Web. Stelter, Brian. â€Å"Netflix, in reversal, will keep its services together.† The New York Times. 2011. Web.

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DQ Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

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Risk and types of Financial Risk Essay -- Business, Banks, Insurance

Value at Risk -Introduction As Walter Wriston, former chairman of Citigroup, said â€Å"All of life is the management of risk, not its elimination† and nowadays modern banking is about controlling risk and returns. The ability of a financial institution to control risk is a key factor that determines its success or its failure in markets. As the late financial crisis has demonstrated institutions that were not properly prepared to face the crisis, failed and they were either bailed out by governments or serve economists as bad example. This is the reason risk management is an important field of every financial institution. -Risk and types of Financial Risk As Philippe Jorion (2007) mentions a definition for risk can be the volatility of unanticipated outcomes and can be created by natural disasters, such as the recent earthquake in Japan that is reported to cause a drop of 3% of the oil price in the first few days after it, or it can created by human activities such as technological innovation which might create unemployment. Phillip Best (1998) argues that risk matters only when it causes financial losses and financial risk is the one linked with financial assets and portfolios and is classified in broader categories; market risk, credit risk, liquidity risk and operational risk. There is evidence that these types of risk can affect one another. Market risk is the one linked with the movements of the price level of market. Credit risk is generated when parties involved in an economic contract are either incapable or reluctant to satisfy their commitments. Jorion (2007) classifies liquidity risk into two forms; asset liquidity risk and funding liquidity risk. Jorion (2007, p. 23): Asset liquidity risk†¦arises when a transaction can... ... effects than those expected. Nevertheless VaR is always a statistical tool, meaning that if using VaR is estimated a loss of  £10 millions in one month, it is known that there might be months with smaller losses and months with larger than  £10 millions. There is also the problem of identifying the right method because each method has its own strengths and weaknesses. So it is important for a risk manager to be able to identify the key factors of the market. These can be market rates and prices that can affect the portfolio and the necessity of this derives from the fact that without these factors is impossible to build a proper quantitative measure of market risk, due to the complexity of financial markets. So to start properly one has to recognize the instruments through which market risk factors will be embodied, such instruments may be options, swaps or loans.

The Boxer Rebellion

Write a powerful and memorable topic sentence for each side Of the Teacart en for why American involvement was necessary and one for why intervention was deter mental. Topic sentence about why U. S. Involvement was needed in the Boxer Rebellion: Rebellion was a problem: Help on gain their independence. The boxer rebellion was a problem because a war and the U. S did not what to into another war 3. For each topic sentence, write (in complete sentences) three supporting detail s from your chart. Three supporting details about why U. S. Involvement was necessary in the Boxer Rebellion: why U. S. Derivation in the Boxer Rebellion was a problem: Supporting detail #1: Supporting detail #1 : Hetman Movement was an it was a civil war and the U. S did not materialistic uprising which took have to be there place in China Towards the end of the King dynasty between 1898 and 1900. Supporting detail #2: the U. S send 3,125 army troops. 2,500 foreign soldiers die Supporting detail #3: The Boxer Re bellion weakened At first, the Boxers wanted to the Chining dynasty's power and destroy the Chining dynasty and hastened the Republican anted to rid China of all foreign Revolution of 191 1 that overthrew influence. ND the U. S did not got the boy emperor and made China out of the rebellion and got more a republic. That help U. S get more involved into china political power in china business influence. 4. Write a few sentences about whatnot think should have been done about the e Boxer Rebellion had the decision been yours. With which side do you agree, and why? This states .NET could BEA compromise, using elements of both sides, now thou have evaluated bothConclusion the Boxer Rebellion was a Chinese civil war and there have not be other count tries should not have to be involved in this civil war. The Boxer what to destroy the Chining dynasty that was run more than 250 years. It all beginning in 1898, grog ups of peasants in northern China began to band together into a secret soci ety ink as lo chuan Righteous and Harmonious Fists called the boxers by Western press. Write Your Paragraph Now that you've prepared, write a complete paragraph for your journal entry.